Leading for Changes and Team Performance

Question: Examine about the Leading for Changes and Team Performance. Answer: Presentation Initiative is the characteristic in pioneers that furnishes them with the capacity to spur, motivate and support others in accomplishing something they need to be finished. A pioneer is viewed as somebody who can impact a wide scope of people for accomplishing a shared objective or achieving an ideal heading. Pioneers must be able to do all these with the assistance of activity, model and authority. Bass Handbook of Leadership expresses that there are indistinguishable quantities of initiative definitions from the quantity of individuals who have attempted to characterize the authority idea (Bass and Stodgill 1990). The meanings of initiative have adjusted from period to period, with Rost (1993) depicting it as a kind of impact relationship existing among pioneers and adherents that has an expectation of bringing genuine changes that reflects their shared goals. The viability of a pioneer relies upon the determinants of their characters, characteristics, qualities, notwithstanding the attributes of the subordinates and other situational factors. As Drucker says that administration is tied in with making everything right, except initiative is doing the right things (1995). Lundy (1990) best clarifies this by saying that solitary administrators have subordinates, pioneers have devotees. One such powerful pioneer is Howard Schultz. He is viewed as one of the universes most noteworthy pioneers and is evaluated so by anemployee appraised official studies. His entire initiative style rotates around the inspiration and motivation of his supporters. He trusts in an interactional relationship with his workers and this methodology of his has driven him towards being an embodiment of effective initiative (Starbucks Leadership Team 2014). Administration Approaches Effectiveness, Developments and Style Starbucks would be one of the top organizations on the rundown with regards to being included in the best organizations on the planet, and on its rudder is its director and CEO Howard Schultz. The organization is known everywhere throughout the world for their huge chain of espresso stores. Its prosperity is colossally appreciated and even begrudged by contenders from everywhere throughout the world. The key to this multi-million associations achievement can be to a great extent ascribed to the authority styles received by them, with Schultz in command(Rampton 2014). In an association, administration is one of the most significant components and a few hypotheses have been molded on the equivalent, making authority a multifaceted subject to manage. All the speculations can be arranged into four methodologies as follows: (a) quality methodology, (b) social methodology, (c) possibility approach, and (d) contemporary approach.This segment would explore the diverse administration approaches and styles and relate them to the watched techniques for Aristhotel Castro, a head supervisor of Starbucks Singapore and how comparative his strategies are with Howard Schultz in Starbucks, and what he needs to state about his authority style. In view of the perceptions and discoveries, examination would be never really improve authority practice. Characteristic Approach The Trait approach or hypothesis is the alteration of the Great Man Theory and contends that any sort of administration qualities or characteristics are acquirable and there is no need of them to be consistently natural. This authority approach expresses that pioneers have certain one of a kind recognizable characteristics or characteristicsand they have so somewhat. Other than the authority characteristics being natural, they can likewise be obtained with the assistance of preparing and practice (Walter and Scheibe 2013). These uncommon characteristics are: Knowledge Insight is a quality that each great chief must have with the goal that they can comprehend the specific circumstance and substance ofthe position they are in and what their capacities are for getting a handle on the elements of natural factors that can impact their exercises in having a decent standpointabout the present and future extent of their association (Daft 2014). Character Certain inborn character characteristics bring up the great chiefs from the terrible ones. These characteristics incorporate energetic dauntlessness and advancement, confidence, conclusiveness, strong drive, optimism, extrovertness, achievement presentation, purposefulness, discipline, fitness in coinciding with others, reliability in character and a tendency to be pleasant. These help chiefs in sorting out and organizing human endeavors, managing and propelling individuals in taking great choices in task circumstances and helping them inachieving solid outcomes and objectives (Daft 2014). Different Qualities After insight and character attributes, great pioneers additionally hold couple of key characteristics, for example, magnanimity, intelligent soul, social affectability, ability to give, objectivity, a standing excitement for people, common sense and a sentiment of validness. Howard Schultz does to be certain fulfill the various essentials and attributes in transforming into a reasonable pioneer. Specifically, it is discovered that he has amazing capacities and administration traits in the going with ranges: (a) personality, (b) self-thought, (c) coersion, (d) trustworthiness, (e) initiative motivation, (f) data of the exchange, (g) mental and commonsense understanding, and (h) eager information (Northouse 2016). Castro strictly follows his lead and attempts to fuse his attributes and beliefs in his methods of working. Conduct Approach Subsequent to examining widely on the social attributes that help a pioneer in being successful, scientists have discovered that those practices can be classified in two sections. In the main segment, the powerful pioneer can be individuals situated and show common certainty and appreciation for the laborers, alongside demonstrating legitimate trouble for the laborers and their needs. The second class of pioneers follows the undertaking focused initiative style. These sort of pioneers regularly exhibit the penchant to obviously portray and structure work duties, consigning the laborers to specific tasks, ensuring the workforce are adopting after association principles and strategies, and push the laborers to accomplish past their high execution capacities. Both the initiative styles are very helpful and powerful, with no persuading end what one is the better choice (Dinhet al. 2014). Howard Schultz has a strong affinity in accepting and sharpening the individuals situated authority style, which has propelled Castro for long. Schultz is incredibly disapproving and takes magnificent and authentic consideration on the delegate's success and focal points. He is made plans to create a firm that would give intensive wellbeing preferences and speculation open doors for all delegates. By taking uncommon consideration of the individuals, he in this way ensures the customers of the association are being taken consideration off. Much the same as Schultz, Castro significantly has confidence in the likelihood that the best way to deal with pass on the best customer experience is to pass on the best agent experience. Starbucks is dependably situated as a standout amongst other workplace. In this way, Schultz has adequately manufactured an association with soul, high on trust and motivation (Coulson 2016). Possibility Approach Under the possibility approach of authority, powerful initiative styles are viewed as the one that occurs as per the circumstance. In this methodology, it is comprehended that effective pioneers must be both keen and adaptable so they can endeavor to change their practices as per the conditions (Miner 2015). In this methodology, the way objective administration style is the most excellent hypothesis in current occasions. It has the ability to expand more on the setting of powerful initiative than different hypotheses in this methodology. In the domain of this hypothesis, viable pioneers ensure that the performing workers would be compensated fittingly in contrast with the individuals who don't perform so well. What's more, viable pioneers likewise help the representatives with data, support and extra assets (Polston-Murdoch 2013). The way objective administration model arranges four sorts of initiative styles, as examined underneath: Order initiative style In this style, the pioneer would normally clear up questions that are prepared to give a psychological development of subordinates. The worries that for the most part require to be cleared up contain: execution goals, the techniques to achieve the targets, the execution assessment and estimation benchmarks, the critical prizes and remedial exercises and the typical practices from the subordinates (Polston-Murdoch 2013). Steady authority style In the steady authority style, the pioneer gives mental support to subordinates by being kind, harmonious, making the work increasingly great, moving toward the delegates with reverence, exhibiting suitable concerns on the agents input, needs, solicitations, and conclusions, and taking real consideration on the agents' success (Polston-Murdoch 2013). Participative administration style The participative pioneer would routinely attract the workforce in the dynamic system. The pioneer would routinely direct with the laborers, mentioning their information, and taking the various musings and suggestions into thought preceding choosing any crucial decision for the affiliation (Polston-Murdoch 2013). Accomplishment situated administration style This sort of a pioneer would every now and again encourage the laborers to play out their best to show up at their best execution in the workplace. The pioneer would normally set testing targets, and envisioning that the laborers ought to perform at their biggest measure of tries, and to take part in steady change to update their abilities, execution and results in workplace (Polston-Murdoch 2013). Howard Schultz show a blend of steady and participative leadersh

Prufrocks Disgust essays

Prufrock's Disgust papers Sio credessi che mia rispota fosse Questa fiama staria senza piu scosse. Mama per cio che giammai di questo fondo Non torno vivo alcun, siodo il vero, Senza tema dinfamia ti rispondo. Not exclusively does the section recorded above show up in Dantes Inferno yet additionally in T.S. Elliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. Deciphered from Italian the piece implies, If I even idea that my answer would be to one who might ever come back to the world, this fire would remain moving along without any more development; yet since none has ever come back from this profundity, if what I hear is valid, I answer you unafraid of disgrace. In light of that selection we entered the universe of J. Alfred Prufrock. Loaded up with the shallow void, J. Alfred Prufrocks life is tediously lived. From his involvement in the ...women...talking of Michelangelo he didn't pick up anything (2042). Be that as it may, the peruser with respect to appreciation of his experience gets a lot. Prufrock begins the story by assuming us to a position of ...anxious evenings in one-night modest hotels...sawdust cafés with shellfish shells...and... roads that follow like a monotonous contention (2043). He begs us to not address, What right? be that as it may, proceed to trust (2043). Go the peruser does as he/she dives profound into Prufrocks world. There will be an ideal opportunity to set up a face to meet the countenances that you meet... also, Time for you and time for me...before the taking of toast and tea propose that Prufrocks participation of a gathering if what the story in based on (2043). This is no typical gathering however one that has incredible significance to Prufrock. This could be because of the nearness of a woman he wanted to converse with. In the middle of the tea toasting and casual chitchat Prufrock discovered time to contemplate whether he should move toward her. Do I dare, an inquiry he considered all the more at that point once reflected ... <!

Every August

Every August This is the third rush to happen since I graduated MIT. And most of the time, MIT is not at the forefront of my mind. Ive got code to write, planes to fly, trips to take. MIT isnt my turf anymore, and Im respectfully crufting in the background. But every August when I start hearing the construction at East Campus, when I start seeing more people on the T it hits. The memories always come flooding back. I remember being the excited Californian who ran outside in her pajamas and flipflops at the first snow. I remember people explaining how frostbite works. I remember feeling like a failure when I switched from 18.01A to 18.01. I remember feeling like a failure a lot. I remember being in a state of shock when I got 100% on an 18.02 exam. I remember taking medical leave. I remember, every moment, being desperate to come back. I remember a post-finals bonfire. Our notes for the semester were the guests of honor. I remember staying up until dawn in a cold November, talking to friends. I remember that when everyone else fell asleep, I took a bike ride through the city, freezing. I remember finding The Paramount about 10 minutes before opening. Never has a banana pancake tasted so good. I remember watching the sun rise from Killian Court in my pajamas. I remember my soon-to-be-(and-still-current-)boyfriend flirting with me over a 6.02 (digital communication systems) pset.  I remember being dense about social interactions (and demodulation). I remember an early morning arriving on floorpi. I remember unpacking in my temp room, hearing voices around the corner. Is there a frosh in there? These people became among my favorite people. I remember when Boston was locked down. I remember listening to too many radio streams. I remember people hurting my feelings. I remember hurting theirs.  Sometimes we could make amends.  Sometimes we couldnt. I remember trolling Tetazoo after their swim test. I remember, after a particularly bad few months, receiving a surprise box.  It had treats, a mix CD, and an anonymous note telling me that everything was going to be okay. None of my friends ever fessed up. I discovered that gouda is delicious. I remember my first time scuba diving, my body rejecting the idea that I should breathe when submerged in water. I remember my first time shooting a pistol. I sucked. I remember my first time shooting an arrow. I rocked. I remember sleeping until noon in winter. Such little sunlight was a bad idea. I remember late nights psetting.  It wasnt unusual for us to spend more time laughing than working. I remember slicing planaria in half and watching them regenerate. I remember the stress of my last semester, running from classes to job interviews then applying for more online. I remember playing with space robots. I remember friends teaching me how to handle liquid nitrogen.  We made ice cream. I remember the pouring rain as I sat back down in Killian. I remember huddling with friends, soaked, holding our diplomas, as the ceremony was coming to an end. Frosh, welcome to MIT. Youll make memories too.

Investor Attitudes Towards Risk On Stock Market - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2852 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? For the abnormal return in stock market, investor attitudes will become increasingly important. This paper attempts to analyze the impact of investor attitude towards risk that have a greater influence on stock market .In this study researcher focused on particular Islamabad stock market and obtain primary data based on five point Likert scale from investor of ISE. The data indicate that investors have substantially different attitudes toward various investments. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Investor Attitudes Towards Risk On Stock Market" essay for you Create order However, there are significant statistical differences between attitudes of the investor groups in their attitudes toward three risk types. These data also show significant differences in attitudes toward risk. After analyzing the data through the Regression and Correlation, including ANOVA test, the result found the significance impact of variables on stock market. Introduction The whole financial theory is based on the basic hypothesis of rational investor on the financial markets. This rationality is characterized by a continuous quest of the investors to maximize their utility function (actually maximizing the return of the investment for a given risk level or minimizing the risk for an expected return level). In spite their rationality; investors have a different perception over risk, its bearing having an important psychological factor. Most investors show different attitude towards risk like motivated risk aversion, but we can find on the financial markets. While risk behavior has been studied intensely and a large number of risk perception. Through attention to risk perception and risk propensity which are mediators in attitude transaction, financial institutions can realize the effects on investor behavior and their returns expectations. The first section of this paper is the introduction, the second section is the literature review, the third sec tion establishes hypothesis model, the fourth section presents the study results and the fifth section is the conclusion and recommendations.Different Studies are available; far less research exists regarding peoples mind-sets towards risk taking, i.e., risk attitudes, such as, risk aversion, risk tolerance and risk neutral. These can be conceptualized as two poles of a one-dimensional attitude towards risk-taking but also as two separate concepts. It is widely assumed that people differ considerably in their attitude towards risks, ranging from good sense to risk-seeking and even pleasure in risk-taking. The first trial of conceptualizing the investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ risk aversion belongs to Milton Friedman and Leonard Savage (Milton Friedman, Leonard Savage Utility Analysis of Choices Involving Risk, JPE, 1948) who defined the risk aversion by using the following decisional situation: an investor who can chose among comparable investments will always chose the one with the l owest risk. Explaining the investment behavior using the returns of risky financial investmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ utility function brought a new perspective to the risk aversion theory. Further studies showed that there are also other factors with direct impact over the attitude towards risk (economic growth forecasts of a market, the level of training and the experience gained, fluctuations of the exchange market, psychological factors, biases and heuristics etc.). This paper follows studies conducted with investors to examine investor attitudes and behavior towards inherent risk and potential returns in stock market. Statement of the Problem The problem statement of research was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Impact of Investor Attitude towards Risk on Stock Marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Major variables used in this study include stock market return volatility and risk attitude i.e risk tolerance, risk aversive, risk neutral variables that are the indicators of investor attitude. Objective: the objectives of research are:- To study how these attitude types are affecting the stock market. To find whether there is any relationship between stock market index and investor behavior. Significance of the Study The market return fluctuate according to events and trends , the human mind also have some psychological factor that can be influenced or might directs towards good or bad decision making regarding investment. From this study individual investor can get knowledge how their behavior that can maximize or minimize their utility in investment plan in market portfolio. They can change their behavior accordingly. Every Kind of individual like small investor including Man, Women with different status i.e. single or Martial with different age can change their mind set and able to understand how they should make decision to see the market trends or events. Review of Literature There is lot work has been done so far in this regard. Now we have overview some of researcher works in this section of the paper as review literature. With the reference of research topic, some of studies are being done in which all the variables includes Risk attitude factors i.e; Risk Aversion, Risk Tolerance, Risk are taken into consideration to define the impact of those variables on stock market. Levin, Synder and chapman (1975) were concerned with the differences between men and women in accepting the risks of financial investments, they focused on a group of 110 students using a questionnaire regarding lotteries to check the more risk aversive according to gender differentiation. the results indicating that women are more risk aversive than men Powell and Ansic (1997) questioned a small group regarding property insurance and the exchange market and again found that women are more aversive than men (this study was among the first which analyzed individual aversion towa rds speculative and pure risks); using information regarding the weight of the funds invested in risky assets. Jaimie Sung and Hannna (1996) analyzed the risk tolerance corresponding to four ethnic groups: Caucasian, Hispanic, Black and others. Given the substantial differences among risk tolerance capacities of these groups (the Caucasians have the highest risk tolerance and the Blacks the lowest) we may assert that this factor has a direct impact on the way investors accept and perceive the risk attached to financial investments. Education also has a direct influence on risk tolerance, as several studies prove a direct link between higher education and the acceptance of higher risk related to investments. The analysis was conducted on four education levels: primary school, high school, college and postgraduate studies. The results demonstrate an intense and direct impact on accepting financial risk: the higher the subjectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s education, the higher his toleranc e to risk. Sitkin and Pablo (1992) developed a model of determinants of risk behavior. In this model, personal risk preferences and past experiences form an important risk factor in which to frame the problem, and social influence also affects the individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perception. Sitkin and Weingart (1995) extend the Sitkin-Pablo model leading to the definition that risk perception and propensity are the mediators in risk behaviors of uncertainty decision-making. Shyan-Rong Chou, Gow-Liang Huang, Hui-Lin Hsu (2010) has done research on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Investor Attitudes and Behavior towards Inherent Risk and Potential Returns in Financial Productsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. They establish a model by which to measure attitudes and behavior towards investment risk.They used variables: Risk propensity, Risk perception, Behavior finance, Decision making. They study to form a framework (framing) for interpretation of their respective populationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attitudes and behaviors . Empirical results found no difference by gender to investor propensity to take risk, nor in cognitive perception of such. However, higher and lower perceptions of risk were indicated by investors according to their personal investment experience. Investors with little experience in stocks and structured notes were found to have significantly sensitive perception of risk. Thus the model proposed is relevant in finding a positive correlation between experience and propensity of risk, though the understanding of such remains uncertain. In respect to financial products other than mutual funds, investor propensity and perception of risk tend to show a negative correlation. Amos Tversky; Daniel Kahneman (1974) defines in their research à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biasesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? that Heuristics that are important feature of the individual decision-making process which may be considered to include thought representativeness and availability. They foun ded that there is anchoring bias in the decision-making process which arises due to factors such as overconfidence, loss aversion, status quo bias, mental accounting, framing and so on. Investors in the process of assessing the risks and returns are influenced by this anchor effect. All these studies proved the complexity of risk aversion and its subjective dimension, as the estimates are difficult to obtain accurately. Investors have ultimately a unique behavior which results in un balanced price, no matter how adverse they are to risk. Understanding risk aversion offers another perspective for constructing and optimizing risky financial portfolios. Theoretical Frame work Our theoretical frame work is as under: (Independent Variables) Risk Aversion Risk Tolerance Risk Neutral (Dependent Variable) Stock Market Explanation The possibility of physical or social or financial harm /detriment / loss due to a exposure. This is the (dominating) negative perspective; however, there is also a neutral perspective, i.e., risk = uncertainty about the outcomes (good and/or bad ones) of a decision; and a positive perspective. A persons opinion belief about how large the risk associated with a hazard is (regarding negative outcomes) A general perspective of humanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mind towards taking or avoiding a risk when deciding how to proceed in situations with uncertain outcomes. Risk Attitude towards taking risks or avoiding risk are; i.e, Risk aversion, Risk Tolerance, Risk Neutral. So, all decisions about how acceptable a risk is in individual or societal terms deepened on market events or trends. The actual behavior of people when facing a risk situation, each investor has unique personal risk tendencies, investment style, and level of risk awareness. These characteristics, in addition to the expect ation of returns, help investment decision making and portfolio construction. According to traditional financeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s capital asset pricing model, due to investor risk aversion, rational investors understand that increased investment risk demands return with a higher premium. Diagrammatical Expression of Variable:  [1] Purpose of the study (Hypothesis Testing) Hypothesis testing offers an enhanced understanding of the relationship that exists among variables. It could also established casual and effect relationship. The research à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Impact of Investor attitude towards risk on Stock Marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, includes there are certain variables upon which the growth of Stock Market depends; these are interest rate, Risk Aversion, Risk Tolerance, Risk Neutral ,Uncertainty. Research is being carried out to analyze the nature of the relationship between all these variables. Hypothesis Risk Tolerance Investor: Investors who tend towards higher risk are more adventurous and so are willing to attempt high-risk, high reward investments. H1: Investor who has a higher tolerance to risk that have significant impact on stock market volatility H2: Investor who has a higher tolerance to risk that have no significant impact on stock market volatility Risk Aversive Investor: People who tend towards lower risk behavior are less willing to engage in risky adventurous behavior due to their low risk tolerance. That is, this kind of investor has a high degree of risk perception in financial products. H3: Investor who are risk aversive has significant impact on stock market volatility H4: Investor who are risk aversive has no significant impact on stock market volatility Risk Neutral Investor: Someone is completely indifferent to the risk involved an investment and is only concerned about expected return. H5: Investor who are risk neutral has significant impact on stock market volatility H6: Investor who are risk neutral has no significant impact on stock market volatility Methodology: (Sample Data Collection) Sample is taken from Islamabad stock exchange and data collection is based on primary data using questionnaire consist of five likert scale including Strongly Agree, Agree, No Strong Opinion, Disagree, Strongly Disagree to analyze the dependent and nondependent variables. The questionnaire sample obtained from the valid source à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Scottish Life Risk Attitude Profiling Questionnaire is based on the Byrne Blake Risk Profile Questionnaireà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?  [2]  . The Respondents which have obtained during the research work are 30 that included 20 brokers, 10 small investorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s i.e Man, Woman having different qualification, age and income groups. To analyze the data being a researcher we used Regression and correlation in SPSS to see the impact and relationship between variables. Data Analysis and Discussion The results drawn from statistical analysis is based on regression analysis. As the independent variable is comprised of three facets i.e, risk aversion, risk taking and risk neutral so several hierarchical regression analyses are performed to formally check the hypothesis. Separate regression analyses are run for analyzing independent-dependent relationship. Regression has been used in order to measure that how much variation in dependent variables has been caused by independent variable. The results are as follows: Risk Aversion (a) Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .467(a) .218 .048 .48900 Interpretation Table illustrate that value of R Square is 0.218 which is equal to 21.8 %. This means that independent variable i.e. risk aversion is accounting for 21.8 % of variation in the dependent variable i.e stock market. (b) ANOVA Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F 1 Regression 1.535 5 .307 1.284 Residual 5.500 23 .239 Total 7.034 28 a. Predictors: (Constant), risk aversion b. Dependent Variable: Stock market Interpretation F ( 1. 101) = 1.284 ; P 0.01 Since the value of P is less than 0.01, so we can say that the overall effect of this independent variable is highly significant. RISK Tolerance (a) Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .442(a) .195 -.025 .50735 Predictors: (Constant), risk tolerance Interpretation Table illustrate that value of R Square is 0.195 which is equal to 19.5 %. This means that independent variable i.e. risk tolerance is accounting for 19.5 % of variation in the dependent variable i.e. stock market. (b) ANOVA Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F 1 Regression 1.372 6 .229 .888 Residual 5.663 22 .257 Total 7.034 28 a. Predictors: (Constant), risk tolerance b. Dependent Variable: Stock market Interpretation F ( 1. 101) = 0.888 ; P 0.01 Since the value of P is less than 0.01, so we can say that the overall effect of this independent variable is highly significant. Risk Neutral (a) Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .687(a) .472 -.056 .51517 Predictors: (Constant), risk tolerance Interpretation Table illustrate that value of R Square is 0.472 which is equal to 47.2 %. This means that independent variable i.e. risk neutral is accounting for 19.5 % of variation in the dependent variable i.e. stock market. (b) ANOVA Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F 1 Regression 3.319 14 .237 .893 Residual 3.716 14 .265 Total 7.034 28 Predictors: (Constant), risk neutral Dependent Variable: Stock market Interpretation F (1. 101) = 0.893; P 0.01 Since the value of P is less than 0.01, so we can say that the overall effect of this independent variable is highly significant. CONCLUSION This study uses the questionnaire approach to test the risk attitudes and returns expectations of investors of particular Islamabad stock exchange. There are different trends and economic crisis that rapidly changed the attitude of investors of male and female. Variance analysis also found that less experienced investors have lower risk propensity and higher risk perception. However, considering individual attitude and perception about returns of stock market either influenced positively or negatively that assessed during research questionnaire. In the test model, investor experience and their risk propensity is in positive correlation. So, the conclusion of this study is consistent with recent literature, however the relationship between risk attitude and expected returns has not yet been determined as successful and strong empirical result. RECOMMENDATIONS Researcher recommended the followings ways to gain higher return from their investing attitude. Compare current stock value with historical results of securities or bonds markets. If you are risk aversive and need higher income during shorter period of time and at low risk, you will need to find other financial instruments.   As we know that, there is direct correlation between risk and income. The higher is income, the higher is risk so investor should ensure about their instruments worth in which he/she going to invest such can be divided as follows: bank savings, bonds and shares.   Another issue is that somehow media reports negatively about stock market return so, investor rapidly change their mind set as the framing heuristic applied without thinking the validity of information. So investor should protect his or her investments. Having purchased securities, keep monitoring securities market periodically. Other Recommendations are that Do not spread the whole mon ey in the market and prefer to invest in only those companies that pay a dividend and that have a history of raising their dividend every year. Investor should forget making a profit; instead focus on the income provided from the stock portfolio and make every stock purchase with the intent that the purchase will be a long-term investment. Develop a savings plan to add to your holdings each quarter to help dividend reinvestments to accumulate more shares on a cost averaging basis. REFERENCES Amos Tversky; Daniel Kahneman Science, New Series, Vol. 185, No. 4157. (Sep. 27, 1974), pp. 1124-1131. Jaimie Sung, Sherman Hanna, Factors related to risk tolerance, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 7,1996, pag. 14). Levin Irwin P., Mary A. Snyder and Daniel P. Chapman (1975), The Interaction of Experiential and Situational Factors and Gender in a Simulated Risky Decision-Making Task, Journal of Psychology, 1988, 122(2),pp. 173-181) Powell Melanie, and David Ansic (1997), G ender Differences in Risk Behaviour in Financial Decision-Making: An Experimental Analysis, Journal of Economic Psychology, 18(6), 1998, pp. 605-628. Risk Attitude Profiling questionnairehttps://www.scottishlife.co.uk/scotlife/nmsruntime/saveasdialog.asp?fileName=Risk_Attitude_Questionnaire.pdf Source:https://www.emeraldinsight.com/books.htm?chapterid=1760442show=html Sitkin and Pablo (1992) Review of management Review-1992.vol 17, No.1, p-38). Shyan-Rong Chou, Gow-Liang Huang, Hui-Lin Hsu (2010) International Research Journal of Finance and Economics ISSN 1450-2887 Issue 44 (2010)  © Euro Journals Publishing, Inc. 2010. https://www.eurojournals.com/finance.html)

Cultural Sensitivity And Culture And Other Practices

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Our communitiesRead MoreProfessional Communication: Cultural Sensitivity among Native Americans1630 Words   |  7 PagesProfessional Communication: Cultural Sensitivity among Native Americans Professional Communication: Cultural Sensitivity In nursing school, we are normally taught that we should respect the dignity and rights of all clients. As the world becomes reduced and societies and individuals become more mobile, we are progressively able to network with people that are from other cultures. Cultural respect and competence for others becomes particularly significant for us as nurses and patient supportersRead MoreCultural Sensitivity And The Therapeutic Relationship1361 Words   |  6 PagesCultural Sensitivity and the Therapeutic Relationship The evolution of the human being is constant and multidimensional. We are always shifting, as individuals and as a society, quickly or slowly, biologically, emotionally, mentally and spiritually. 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Relationship between Politics and Religion in India Free Essays

Indian politics has an important relationship with Religion. Religion fulfills the role of an ideology in a situation of transition when there is a plethora of new demands and constant adjustments have to be made. Both Islam and Hinduism in the late nineteenth century were trying to accommodate the new demands. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between Politics and Religion in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now This ruptured their earlier accommodations and led to conflict with the necessity of a complex interaction between nationalism and Religion. This is where the clash started. India failed on this front leading to conflicts and division between two competing utopia visions. The clash of egos over basis and minor disagreements made this division inevitable. The importance of religion, in spite of such conflicts can be clarified in the words of Gandhiji who said that those who assert that Religion has nothing to do with Politics, have no understanding of either Politics or Religion. That the Hindu majority were more tolerant and absorbent of others’ viewpoint, is nothing new. The religion itself is distinguished because of its fundamental component of tolerance which separates it from other religion viewpoint. Anslie embree in his book on Utopias in Conflict states that â€Å"Tolerance is not merely an academic question. It is intrinsically linked with the minority. The Islamic community in India wanted neither to be absorbed or tolerated and this seems to have occurred to very few exponents of Hindu tolerance†. Tolerance is also a matter of perception and over the centuries as India met with three different civilizations, the society evaluated. The coming of Islam in the eighth century, to the major power at the center, in the form of nearly 500 years of their mainstay, did not change any fundamental value in the Hindu religion. The coming of the Portugese and the French also did not lead to any changes in our social structure, the reason being the apathy similar to the earlier Muslim period when views were articulated in a religious vocabulary. The coming of the British was different as â€Å"they did not articulate their views and attitudes of their culture in religious terms†. The Hindu intelligential were definitely more receptive to the cultural and religious ideas as contrasted by the ‘keep aloof’ behavior in response to Muslim, French and Portugese ideologies. However the elaboration of the national movement’s ideal by Gandhiji in â€Å"vocabulary of Neo-Hinduism† lay the seeds of religious conflict in India which led to separatism. One of the important omissions in this Neo-Hindu perception was its inability to comprehend the belief structure of Muslims and the differences with Hindus. Salvation in Hinduism is of an individual whereas the Muslims and Christians find their salvation as a part of a large religious community. The politics of the nineteenth century and the strength of nationalism has gone missing today but religion appears to be as strong as ever and a fundamental pillar in our politics. Secularism has been re-defined and pseudo-secularism seems to be the order of the day where massacre of the majority community hardly draws a reaction publicly except in private. The Politics of Religion is as strong as ever and there is only a change of perception. Our politicians never miss an opportunity to exploit the use of religion, be it the Hindu view or the Muslim angle and India politics would continue to use Religion and the Caste system for their survival. How to cite Relationship between Politics and Religion in India, Papers

Childrens Drawings Step by Step Essay Example For Students

Childrens Drawings: Step by Step Essay N,R. Smith (1973) believes that the child begins the drawing with no intention or symbolization, but as the drawing progresses a pattern is made and the child sees a representation and then proceeds to make the rest tooth drawing shift towards this representation and builds on that. The basic pattern of childrens development to drawings begins at scribbles which appear from 12 months. The scribbles are non-representational and just involve the progressive control of movement. These scribbles tend to be viewed as gestures rather than drawing in true sense of the world according to Viscosity. Rancher (1956) believes that the earliest scribbles are a motor impulse, this simply means the child has no intention to draw a representation of an object or event it is just a coincidence. They begin to progress from 20 months of age where the scribbles being to become representational and the marks stand for whole objects. Cognitive psychologists tend to search these scribbles for visual resemblance where they attempt to make some sense Of it. There is Often some intended meaning within the scribbles, for example dots representing foot prints but not true representation. Symbolic pictures Start to appear around 3 years Of age where children begin to understand that pictures represent objects and begin to start drawing simple pictures Of people. Over time more realistic pictures are drawn round 5/6 years old and at 6/7 years old children begin to use size, position and composition to show depth, those of which allow more natural representations of the real world and tend to have a more significant meaning. Liquate (1927) and later on Pigged ; Inhaler (1969) invented the Stage Theory of Drawing, This is the belief that drawings are external representations of the childs internal model which is their mental picture. The stage theory consists of four stages. The first stage is fortuitous realism which occurs at 18-2. 5 years old and consists to labeling objects in scribbles. The second stage is tailed realism (2/5-5 years old), representational intention but tends to be inaccurate. The third stage being intellectual realism (5-8 years old), drawing what the child knows rather than what they see and the fourth stage, visual realism which is beyond 8 years old which is where the child actually draws what they see. There has been evidence to back up the stage theory, for example Freeman gamma; Kinkajou (1972) conducted a study in 1972 on 5-7 year olds. They were asked to draw a mug in front Of them Which had the handle out Of view. Results found that under year olds who would be in the intellectual stage drew the mug which included the hidden parts as they would be drawing What they knew, whereas the 8 year olds and over who would be in the Visual stage drew only what they could see. However the Stage theory has been criticized for the stages being too rigid leading to underestimating the childs ability. Barrett. Beaumont ; Jennet (1985) also found that instructions can have an impact on the childs drawing. They found that if children were given standard instructions, i. E. Just telling them to draw what they can see, only 11% of drawings would be correct whereas if hey were given explicit instructions, i. E. Draw exactly what they can see and look at it very carefully in order to draw it as you see, 65% of drawings were correct. It is also argue that the stage theory can vary over different cultures. The human figure is a drawing particularly investigated as it is regarded to be a way in which children express something about themselves. Researchers believe they can explain a childs personality and their current emotional state. Tests were created to investigate this, for example the Kinetic Family Drawings Test claimed o measure how children felt about the topics in the drawing and their wider environment. Drawing on Debates in Leisure and Sport Theory EssayHowever Burrito (2003) criticized this and argued that when a child uses a dark color it may not necessarily mean they are expressing a negative attitude, it could simply be that the child favors this color and they want to express this in their drawing y using their favorite color _ The things that children may not be able to tell themselves can often be found through interpretations and observations Of their drawings Of graphic symbols. Previous research found the main and clearest signs found in drawings are over sized ears without earrings which could suggest the child is experiencing some sort of verbal abuse in their life, big hands in a drawing suggest that the child is experiencing some sort of physical abuse and aggression, if a drawing oaf person has no mouth it is suggested that the child finds it difficult to communicate and drawings of a person with aged teeth, spiked fingers and hair relate to aggressive behavior. However to properly interpret childrens drawings, these patterns must be consistent over time and not just occur once otherwise it is highly likely it will have no meaning or representation and is just a random occurrence with significance at all, Wales believes that as we begin to summarize characteristics of childrens drawings and watch them develop and change throughout childhood we soon see that the obeseÐ’Â »actions that are made on the childrens drawings are in fact the product of our own interpretations and what we believe the picture is showing, The question of how children draw pictures which differ so much from adults is a major question which often causes debates such as is there actually a message there or is it just a typical childs drawing which has no significance or meaning whatsoever, Many questions arise involving this research area once people attempt to make sense of childrens drawings, however many people believe childrens drawings should be left as they are without investigation as they believe it is mysterious and imaginative. The research looked into for this essay has shown that the main indicators used in childrens drawings which help to understand childrens thoughts, messages and emotions are the colors used and the figure size. The research into childrens drawings in relation to childrens minds has found many results showing that drawings do relate to the childs cognitions however all research into interpreting childrens drawings and What it tells us about their minds can be criticized because it could just be that the child enjoys drawing something particular and their decision to draw what they are drawing is always influenced by their own knowledge of the object and their own thoughts and interpretations on the object and what bits are important about it. The drawing is a representation of how the child sees the world themselves and it is thought that to alter this information by adding adult interpretations and to investigate more into it is a shame. As the childs cognition capacity increasing, children are more able to express representations as they move trot simple drawings, to complex drawings. It is difficult to conclude whether these drawings actually represent something to the child or whether it is simply our own interpretations and representations. References Barrett, Beaumont gamma; Jennet. (1985). The effect of instructions on view- pacifistic in young childrens drawing and picture selection.